History of Organizational Communication Essays

History of Organizational Communication Essays History of Organizational Communication Essay History of Organizational Communication Essay History of the Field Reflection Paper| What is authoritative correspondence? As a field hierarchical correspondence concentrates precisely what it seems like the correspondence in association. Characterizing the specifics of this regularly comes down to the specialist and the point of view that slant their suppositions on the field. These unpretentious contrasts are the reason it takes Papa, Daniels and Spiker just about 16 pages to communicate their meaning of their field of study. The authoritative encounters of an individual impact the individual’s sentiment and definition. In spite of this all correspondence that includes at least two individuals from an association comprises hierarchical correspondence. It doesn't need to relate to the association, yet can be to fabricate a relationship. To really build up a short definition for hierarchical not to mention authoritative correspondence. Its absolutely impossible to box this field as a result of the progressions that has happened over its short life and the wide breadths that it covers. Be that as it may, it is fundamental as a future expert in an association to make this individual way of thinking and refine it frequently. For me this class and article has changed my view on the meaning of hierarchical correspondence. For as far back as quite a long while I have characterized the term as correspondence inside a business, however now I see that it incorporates a vast lion's share of the correspondence that happens. The impact of associations has expanded to a point that it characterizes our way of life. It has done this to a point that our nearby, national and worldwide networks could be characterized as an association. Nonetheless, breaking down the impact of little scope relational correspondence on the â€Å"global organization† isn't plausible. On account of this the investigation of associations is centered generally around the individuals that impact an association they are engaged with. This reaches from CEO’s, administrators, representatives and clients. The correspondence between the gatherings and inside each gathering will fluctuate enormously, and it additionally relies upon the job that every individual is in. With the close to boundless correspondence prospects in associations makes it intriguing to take a gander at how the correspondence encourages the advancement of network in an association Even by constraining hierarchical correspondence to this littler organization of the globe it despite everything represents practically all correspondence that an individual takes an interest in outside of the family and connections. As the article subtleties that before going out the impact associations have on people is enormous. This likewise goes further in light of the fact that a huge piece of the collaboration in an association is between peers both inside and outside of the physical compartment of the association. Since the improvement hierarchical correspondence the adjustments in points of view has changed quickly and definitely. With this change the region of study has additionally moved. The customary point of view was attempting to utilize correspondence as a device on their machine to thin down and build their benefits. From that point forward the view has changed to how correspondence functions and how it can influence social issues inside an associations. As a field the augmenting the base of study is basic to the development of the field and associations. Characterizing authoritative correspondence is an experience into correspondence and the entirety of its complexities. The field is as adaptable as the associations it both makes and depicts, yet additionally identifies with different fields of study in correspondence and other sociologies. Genuine comprehension of associations and the correspondence inside will just get through the investigation of current points of view and keeping a receptive outlook to new association types. What is the benefit of contemplating hierarchical correspondence? Through considering hierarchical correspondence we take a gander at the day by day correspondence of pretty much every person in the advanced world. In the event that we don't examine this necessary piece of our lives we would be passing up a gigantic piece of human correspondence. Having the option to break down various parts of correspondence further forms our comprehension of our own advantages. Hierarchical correspondence incorporates an assortment of correspondence sub factions making examination a lot simpler. Hierarchical correspondence gives a fascinating viewpoint on different territories of correspondence also. The burdens that happen in the working environment drive correspondence to be an accomplishment of disappointment. This blended in with the wide assortment characters in the authoritative mixture it allows scientists to take a gander at interracial, nterpersonal and bunch correspondence all the time that in any case would be a lot harder to take a gander at. Additionally examining hierarchical correspondence gives organizations and people to improve their correspondence and the proficiency of their business. Without correspondence nothing in an association can be practiced. Through examining associations and afterward applying the outcomes an a ssociation can improve its benefits with little expense and time. People who concentrate any correspondence not to mention hierarchical correspondence have an enormous favorable position in authoritative life. This is the main motivation that I decided to examine hierarchical correspondence is to give me a more noteworthy comprehension of how correspondence functions both in regular day to day existence, yet in addition in the expert world. Likewise with some other youthful and developing field on the off chance that you don't contemplate its past you get no opportunity to make it. The individual and expert advantages of considering this field are astounding. With the worldwide change from little privately-run companies to huge worldwide associations it is important to remain current with the patterns of all parts of the associations that are assuming control over the world. What a few explicit bits of data did you find generally amazing, fascinating, or important and why? The most significant piece of this article, and even this task was to build up a superior comprehension of the field that I am examining. At the point when I originally began in this minor I never had a decent comprehension of the authoritative piece of hierarchical correspondence. Through this article there has been an advancement of comprehension, and another capacity to apply the data I have read throughout the previous three years. Each time I hear or read about how youthful the field of hierarchical correspondence is its truly dumbfounding the amount it has developed. Indeed, even with the significant measure of exploration drawn on from different fields the pace of development diminishes nothing from the acknowledgment all through the hierarchical network. Being in a correspondence program it is necessitated that I state that correspondence is the premise of everything. Having probably the most influential individuals on the planet recognize this youthful field makes it significantly simpler to legitimize this perspective. The interpretive viewpoint carries associations to a degree of reflection that truly shows the significance of correspondence. The development of reality through correspondence has been interesting to me since it was referenced in one of my initial correspondence classes. With the communication between individuals from an association it is extremely unlikely for it to be anything short of the total of its parts. The judgment of the parts and the entirety is as emotional as the case of the five dollar greenback. These three pieces of the section pulled at me unequivocally in light of the fact that they draw out the uniqueness and significance of correspondence. What is something fascinating and additionally significant about the historical backdrop of authoritative correspondence that you found from sources past the doled out perusing? While perusing this section I made some enthusiastically memories attempting to discover something extremely fascinating, so I searched for an intriguing name on the references page for an intriguing name. The entirety of this lead me to Organizational trust: What it implies, why it makes a difference from the Organization Development Journal and was composed by Shockley-Zalabak, Ellis and Winograd and was distributed in the winter of 2000. In the wake of perusing the theoretical I was guided into an extremely intriguing article about how trust can build efficiency. In spite of the fact that the article isn't explicitly about the historical backdrop of authoritative correspondence it does the field to other hierarchical fields, and even recognizes that without correspondence building trust we be close to inconceivable. By being straightforward with your workers the since of network can develop. This is particularly significant with regards to gatherings and groups in an association. Without trust a gathering can never overcome that issue to accomplish teamness. So as to construct trust in a group it takes correspondence that meets the entirety of the parts the writers are trying in the article. Trust somewhat is a fundamental factor in all correspondence when all is said in done, however for an association trust is cash. One of the most significant pieces of this article was the possibility of distinguishing proof with an organization. On the off chance that a representative concurs with the estimations of the organization and the company’s item they will be increasingly profitable making the organization and themselves progressively gainful. Working for an organization that you have a feeling that you can boast to your loved ones about is something one of a kind and an incredible help. Relating crafted by Kenneth Burke, associations, groups and correspondence in an article made certain to show somebody our program, and it reaffirms past investigations identifying with the establishments of the field. Practically all examination managing associations will have direct connections to the correspondence field due to how interrelated they are, and the relative youth. For the field to keep on developing we should concentrate on the past and the ever cha

Underneath Pristine Clothes: Abraham Lincoln

A little ranch is a position of devastated state. It is where there is no much life; having none of the complexities and loftiness of the city. Be that as it may, for a man with solid expectations and courageous dreams as Abraham Lincoln, it is where aspirations are conceived and where dreams begin to be reality.Lincoln grew up from an undistinguished family, or so he outlines, yet he rose into the most noteworthy of seats and was chosen as the leader of the United States of America for two terms. He was a most regarded leader of all timesâ€a man of respect, equity, and balance who vowed to utilize fair understandings as opposed to drive. However, underneath those unblemished garments and superbly agreeable character, who truly is Abraham Lincoln?Born to a basic family in a homestead at the Hardin County, Kentucky, in February 12, 1809, youthful Lincoln grew up to long periods of difficult work. There is no school at their territory and there’s no place to find out about ex istence, religion, and the world. What there are just errands to complete and occupations to look for and get over with.Yet, with his decided yearning and enthusiasm for learning, he traversed examining and obtained a permit to provide legal counsel constantly 1836. He was a diligent and dedicated man, so to state; going through long stretches of training at the Illinois lawmaking body that even his law accomplice said of him, â€Å"His desire was a little motor that knew no rest.†In the year1842, his long periods of isolation were broken for he met Mary Todd, a lady whom he had chosen to get married with. They carried on with a cheerful life from that point on and were skilled with four young men. It is dismal to note however that just one of them lived to develop into maturity.After years as a legal advisor he attempted to contend in governmental issues and run against Stephen Douglas for Senate in 1858. After their warmed and conciliatory discussion about the Kansas-Nebras ka Act, Douglas won the political race. Be that as it may, individuals who saw, heard, and saw their contention developed to love and favor Lincoln. Their discussion had given him a national notoriety which thusly won him a Republican designation for president after two succeeding years.When he won the administration, Lincoln centered to realize uniformity and altruism among his kin. He was a delicate voice that quiets the mass during the chilly unrest of the Civil War.The Emancipation Proclamation which he gave in 1863 extraordinarily influenced the war, finishing finally the state’s battles, scores of passings, and closing a blood yearning battle. The aftereffects of the war he contemplated cautiously, verifying that the immense harm a war could bring would not be overlooked by the individuals and that the passings of the individuals who were engaged with the showdowns would not be put to waste.Throughout his term, he remained for instance to each one; a man of straightforw ardness and liberality who is eager to lay back his protections on the off chance that it would mean harmony and solidarity for the country. His grand character was more than esteemed by the general population, demonstrated by his re-appointment in 1864.However, he was stopped of his administration a year after, when he was roughly assassinatedâ€shot in the head by an on-screen character named John Wilkes Booth†finishing suddenly his devoted objectives and ambitions.It had been a tragic second for the entirety of America; having lost a man as tranquil and liberal as Abraham Lincoln. Yet, his endeavors were not squandered for he left his kin that would join them: â€Å"With noxiousness toward none; with foundation for all; with solidness morally justified, as God offers us to see the right, let us endeavor on to complete the work we are in; to tie up the country's wounds†¦.†

How a Battle of Memories Got Me Thinking on Memorial Day

How a Battle of Memories Got Me Thinking on Memorial Day Memory. I’m writing this on Memorial Day, and I ask you: Do you trust your memory? I have recently had several occasions to consider the question of memory. The first and most personal was a battle of memories. Some of you may remember that I sent a survey out to my readersâ€"with entry into a raffle as a reward for completing itâ€"but forgot to collect contact information along with the survey responses. When I wrote an email apologizing and asking for names and email addresses, I also mentioned that I would like to know who called me an “adorable genius.” The Battle In an odd twist, not one but two people claimed to have written the “adorable genius” quote! And they both had clear evidence in their own minds that they had written it. I tried every way I could think of, jogging their memories and getting concrete evidence. Neither recognized, upon my sending them, the answers to the other two questions in the survey. Both have Charter as their Internet Service Provider and live in Madison, so the IP address and location contained in the SurveyMonkey report were of no use. And both expressed a level of hurt that I would doubt them. After various exchanges with both men, I believe that each of them believes he wrote the comment. I will probably never know which one of them it actually was. If you have an idea of how to solve this quandary, please let me know. In the meantime, I’ll accept that memory is not perfect. And I will be honored that at least two people in my life have such a positive sentiment toward me. Perhaps in this particular case, the truth doesn’t really matter in the end. The Importanceâ€"and Unreliabilityâ€"of Memory In other situations, mistaken memory has greater consequences. I have been listening to the Amanda Knox story, Waiting to Be Heard  , a memoir of an American college student wrongly convicted of murder in Italy. Following the murder, Amanda was questioned repeatedly by police until she did not trust her own memory. Amanda was not an eyewitness to the crime, but was the first person to discover the crime scene. She was therefore questioned aggressively, and was ultimately, in part because she did not report every detail of what she saw consistently, accused of and sentenced for the murder. According to Wikipedia, it is well-accepted that eyewitness testimony in trials is fairly unreliable and should not be viewed as the absolute truth. A person’s mood can affect how he or she remembers somethingâ€"and moods can swing quite dramatically at the time of a crime. Furthermore, in something called the “misinformation effect,” someone’s memory can become compromised because of additional information obtained after the event. The Journal of the Association for Psychological Science published a study showing that simply recalling a memory enhances or distorts it! (See Lifehacker’s Why Your Memory Sucks (and What You Can Do About It) and Double Woods 4 Crazy Things We Misunderstand About Human Memory for engaging explorations of these topics!) The Delusion of Trusting Memory If something as simple as this can make memory unreliable, why do we ever trust our recollection of events? Furthermore, why do we trust ourselves to remember to do the things we say we’re going to do? Last week I had a short homework assignment to do for a non-credit personal growth class I’m taking. The assignment was given on Monday and was due on Wednesday night. I did not put time in my calendar to do it. All day Tuesday I thought about doing the assignment, but I wanted to wait until I had more material to put into it. Guess what? Wednesday night came and went, and I had not done it. I am also notorious for thinking I’ll remember what I need from the grocery store, then forgetting a key item I meant to buy. Yet I persist in almost never writing down my shopping lists (and in doubling back to the store to get what I forgot). Perhaps if the grocery were 50 miles instead of a 5-minute walk from my house, I would change my system. Write it Down! On a group business coaching call last week, one of the participants expressed frustration that an employee did not remember how to do a task after learning how to do it. Sometimes this employee didn’t remember having done the task at all. The obvious solution was to have this employee write down everything he does and document it. This way he can repeat the task later and also have evidence of what he has done and not done. The truth is, our memories are almost completely unreliable. We are overly confident in our ability to remember things, and we make a lot of mistakes due to that overconfidence. Not only that, but we expect other people to remember things accurately! I am still baffled that two people are 100% certain that they wrote that     “adorable genius” comment. But after the little bit of research I did on memory, it makes sense that at some point their memory was simply altered. Clearly, writing things down is a great antidote and solves many memory issues. If I had collected information the first time around for my secret admirers, I would have known who gave me the “adorable genius” compliment. If I put things on my calendar I almost always remember to do them. If I put things on a shopping list I buy them. If I write down my brilliant blog ideas I remember to write about them! While I know writing things down is a good idea, I imagine I will continue to do so only sometimesâ€"until something becomes a big enough problem that I need to make a change. Memorial Day On a day like Memorial Day, we are called to remember in a different way. This day is an opportunity to honor the men and women we have lost. Yet most of us go to parties and picnics without thinking too much about the solemn aspects of the holiday. Our memories are so unreliable that we forget to remember at all. On this Memorial Day, whether we remember accurately or not, let’s remember that sometimes the point is, quite simply, just to remember.

Essay about Wilfred Owen Speech - 891 Words

Ok what I have got here today is a detailed speech and I intend to explain two poems â€Å"Disabled† and â€Å"Dolce et Decorum est.†, both written by Wilfred Owen. I would choose these two poems to be in an anthology because I found the poems to be very dramatic and extremely detailed. Owen intends to shock us by demonstrating what a soldier might expect in a situation between life and death. He is not afraid to show his own feelings. Wilfred Owen is an anti-war poet and expresses his ideas and feelings through various themes and poetic devices which I will be discussing throughout this speech. Wilfred Owens’ themes portray his attitude towards what war is and what might happen to an individual during warfare. The war strips the individuals of†¦show more content†¦Owen intends to shock us by presenting the reality he is feeling, this is why I had chosen this to be one of my poems Owen usesgraphic descriptions, speaking in a very direct and straightforward way, using words that convey ugliness and also shows the reality of war which clearly changes our thoughts of war in the end. Wilfred Owens captivating poem ‘Disabled’ relates to the after effects of what war can be responsible for. The poem depicts an ironic contrast between a strong limbed, handsome youth hero in battle and a wrecked body in a wheelchair which occurs when a man becomes horribly wounded. His themes are clear that there is no glory in war and war strips men of their youth. Owen demonstrates how naive the minds of young boys were during the period of the war. Quotes such as Aye, that was it, to please the giddy jilts or Someone said hed look a god in kilts suggests that he joined the army to impress others and to maintain this popular image that he seemed to possess. Then the quotes Germans he scarcely thought of he had no fears and He thought of jewelled hilts for daggers in plaid socks of smart salutes further demonstrates that the young soldier clearly has no real view on what warShow MoreRelated Examine and compare the ways in which Pat Barker in Regeneration and1313 Words   |  6 PagesExamine and compare the ways in which Pat Barker in Regeneration and Wilfred Owen in his poetry explore the nature of life in the trenches. Pat Barker and Wilfred Owen are both successful writers in delivering an insight into trench life from the perspective of a soldier, although in different ways. Owen, being a soldier himself, has had first hand experience of trench life and describes the pity of war, in that war is a waste of young, innocent lives, and the bitterness of the soldiersRead MoreHarper Lee, The Sentry By Wilfred Owen, And Good Guys Dead By Ernest Hemingway Essay3751 Words   |  16 Pagesbeen formed to answer questions and form relationships between authors and the reason(s) or any influence(s) as to why the following authors have developed their work: Harper Lee, Wilfred Owens, Ernest Hemingway. I decided to investigate the following texts: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, The Sentry by Wilfred Owen, To Good Guys Dead by Ernest Hemingway. If the aim is to find out whether early life experiences of these authors or the time setting when they grew up in promoted or influenced theRead MoreComparing the Ways Michael Herr in Dispatches and Pat Barker in Regeneration Show the Effects of War2879 Words   |  12 Pageswho were there. As an autobiography centered around Herrs experience of Vietnam Dispatches provides a different reading experience to Barkers novel, which is loosely based on the real life meeting between Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen and Dr. W.H.R Rivers at Craiglockhart War Hospital during The First World War. Due to the different approaches the structure of the books is different and that affects how the effect of war is shown. Dispatches is a tapestry of Read MoreA Comparison between Shakespeares Agincourt Speech and Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est1347 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison between Shakespeares Agincourt Speech and Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est This essay will scrutinize Shakespeares Agincourt Speech and Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est. Initially the essay will analyse elements of the poems context as well as the origin of the actual passage and how it is created by the influence on each writers own experience. Additionally, the analysis will similarly focus on more intimate elements of each poem such as the attitudeRead MoreAnger and Injustice Described in Wilfred Owens Poem Dulce et Decorum est1033 Words   |  5 PagesDecorum est was written by Wilfred Owen during World War One, and is probably the most popular war-poem ever written.The title is part of the Latin phrase Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori which means It is sweet and right to die for your country. Wilfred Owen saw the war first-hand and this poem is about a gas attack that he witnessed. Throughout this poem Owen gives the sense of anger and injustice through the use of many different poetic techniques. Wilfred Owen emphasises the conditionRead More The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est Essays1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est is seen as a strong expression of the ugliness of war, and an attack on the idea of war being glorious (Kerr 48). It transmits an irritating clip, with full animation and in vivid colors, of embittered and battered soldiers marching to their death. It also, cogently presents a nightmarish vision of hell uploading all its demons into the root directory of an impoverished soldier who saw one ofRead MoreWilfred Owens War Poetry1219 Words   |  5 PagesIt is realistic in that it employs the traditional styles and diction of English poetry, however uses these conventional poetic forms to portray the gruesome details of the situations of the trench (Campbell 1999: 205). One of those poets was Wilfred Owen, whose later work has become canonized as a representative of trench lyric. He is the poet who wrote with most pathos, who started out as a follower of Keats and Shelley but toughened and tightened his language under the pressure of traumatic frontlineRead More Compare Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt1549 Words   |  7 PagesCompare Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt by William Shakespeare. Before Agincour and Dulce et decorum est ======================================== I have chosen to compare two poems for this piece of work, and they are Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt by William Shakespeare. Both look at War as the main subject, but express very different views on it. Wilfred Owen has written a very powerful poem about a man dying from a gas attackRead More Compare and contrast the two poems, focusing on how the poets use1139 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1917 by a poet named Wilfred Owen. Tennysons poem was set in The Crimean War (1854-56) where the British commander made the mistake of charging at the main Russian position. He was meant to have retaken some guns held by the Russians. This had inevitably caused many deaths to the six hundred men that obeyed the order. Alfred Lord Tennyson was not at the battle scene, he created his poem through the description given in The Times newspaper. Unlike Tennyson, Wilfred Owens poem is basedRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 PagesProtest and Resistance poetry. The protest poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, written by Wilfred Owen, challenges the dominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. Wilfred Owen was one of the leading voices of the first world war. In January 1917, Owen was deployed but he was innocent to the realism of war. In April, he sustained shell-shock

Child Beauty Pageants Robbing Little Girls’ Innocence Essay

Child Beauty Pageants: Robbing Little Girls’ Innocence There are over 5,000 child beauty pageants held annually across the United States with girls as young as two-years-old competing in them. Little girls strut across the stage with make-up painted on their tanned faces, hair teased into big and luscious curls, fake teeth, and a raunchy dance to complement it. There’s no doubt that the very young girls do not resemble their age when they are on stage and performing; they’re transformed into â€Å"sultry, Lolita-like waifs† (Giroux 270). Millions tune in and watch shows exploiting the children such as â€Å"Toddlers and Tiaras† and â€Å"Little Miss Perfect† where we see the little girls strive to be the best and prettiest. Parents should not enter†¦show more content†¦The little girls are raised with the misconception that they can rely on their beauty to help them achieve success in life, and that â€Å"the ‘art’ of being a woman is embodied in how she looks† (Paperalla, paragraph 5). With the obsession to look perfect and beautiful, the girls wear make-up, hair extensions, fake nails, and fake teeth, some girls grew up â€Å"see[ing] themselves as not good enough without improvements† (Child Beauty Pageants, paragraph 22). A study conducted in 2005 examined a small, controlled group of young women who participated in pageants at a very young age to all have reported â€Å"greater dissatisfaction with their self-image, decreased impulse controls, increased instances of eating disorders and overall trust issues† (Dela Cruz, paragraph 10). This is evidence that child beauty pageants do not promote confidence in one’s self when they’re being judged on how perfect their appearance are. Child beauty pageants have been rightly criticized to be â€Å"grotesque and nearly pornographic† (Child Beauty Pageants, paragraph 18). While little girls their age usually don’t make-up, hair extensions, or fake teeth, the mini beauty queens are and it causes them to appear much more mature and older than their age; this encourages premature sexuality. The little girls wear provocative clothing, perform raunchy dance routines, and make flirty moves towards the judges and crowd such as seductively blowing air kisses. Six-year-oldShow MoreRelatedThe Ugly Truth Behind Child Beauty Pageants. Why Is That1310 Words   |  6 Pages The Ugly Truth Behind Child Beauty Pageants Why is that we are told everyone is beautiful in their own way yet society pressures us woman to be prettier than the next. Women are taught as little girls that being beautiful is important but there is more to life than being beautiful. I believe parents should not let their daughters compete in beauty pageants because it sexualizes young girls, affects child development and discourages self worth. Is exploiting your child really worth some cash, aRead MoreBeauty Pageants Can Take An Emotional Toll On Children And Teenagers1811 Words   |  8 PagesIn the world of beauty pageants, many people find themselves entrapped in the expensiveness of the gown, the extravagance of the hairstyle, and how attractive the woman sporting all of this truly is. However, when entered into this arena at a young age, one where you are not fully developed and deep in adolescence, this presents a problem not all are aware of. Many people don’t understand the emotional stress that almost everyon e that participates in pageants goes through. Women face various issuesRead MoreBeauty Pageants Can Take An Emotional Toll On Children And Teenagers1811 Words   |  8 PagesIn the world of beauty pageants many people find themselves entrapped in the expensiveness of the gown, the extravagance of the hairstyle, and how attractive the woman sporting all of this truly is. However, when entered into this arena at a young age, one where you are not fully developed and deep in adolescence, this presents a problem not all are aware of. Many people don’t understand the emotional stress that almost everyone that participates in pageants goes through. Women face various issues

Coeducation in Pakistan Free Essays

string(68) " of girls in class prevents boys from indulging in unruly behavior\." Coeducation is to educate both boys and girls together. in the modern world of today,coeducation is the new order of the day. most of the countries in the world have adopted this form of education. We will write a custom essay sample on Coeducation in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now in Pakistan too, there are some schools where there is coeducation whereas, in many institutes there is sex-segregation. coeducation finds its origin in Sparta,Greece. at that time,there was no distinction between boys and girls. they studied and played together. they were given academic education along with physical training. Plato,the great philosopher theorized that coeducation was essential for the development of personality. he believed that coeducation was the only way to make boys and girls beneficial to the society. therefore,west has acknowledged and adopted the benefits of coeducation since long ago. In the subcontinent, during ancient times,coeducation was present at a few places. but,gradually girls education begin to be ignored. the educational system of that time was quite different from that of today. boys were sent to gurukuls where they spent most of their educational period. They were imparted physical and academic education. the former included warfare training while,the latter comprised of study of scriptures. in medieval india, women and people belonging to lower caste were forbidden from reading the scriptures. However,raja ramohan roy,the great social reformer revolted against this practice. his succesors also played a pivotal role in revolting against the illiterate practices. Islam has stressed upon the importance of education. infact, the first word revealed was â€Å"iqra† translated as† to read†. Islam has ordained both men and women to acquire education. Holy prophet P. B. U. H said â€Å"acquire education from cradle to grave†. similarly,islam also acknowledges that an illiterate and an educated man can never be equal. During the time of Holy Prophet(P. B. U. H),mosques were the only educational institutions. there are no instances recorded where holy prophet P. B. U. H forbade his wives from attending semon(khutba),the primary tool of education. Apart from this ,there are many examples which illustrate that muslim women accompanied there men to mosques and even inquired questions from Holy prophet in the presence of men. Even today,many liberal muslims acknowledge that morality emanates from heart. Quran, time and again, has emphasized muslims to guard themselves against immorality. it says â€Å"say to the believing men to lower their gaze and to guard their private parts†¦. †. many Islamic scholars acknowledge the fact that islam has not barred both the sexes from acquiring education together as long as morality is not infringed. Coeducation, in Pakistan has always remained a controversial issue. some people want this system to be adopted in all the institutions on the other hand, there is a sizeable portion of population that is opposed to it. Both the schools of thought present argument supporting their stance. proponents of coeducation argue that it is the need of hour and that it has the ability to eliminate the problems of the developing country. nonetheless,the opponents dare to disagree. to them,the system does not confirms to the religious, social and cultural values of the society. Coeducation has the ability to cope with the problems of developing countries. for instance,Pakistan is a developing country. it will be difficult for a developing economy to maintain separate instituitions for both sexes. if coeducation system is introduced in all the schools and colleges of the state, then the cost of separate infrastructure, stationary and recruitment personnel can be saved. A country can develop only by increasing the rate of literacy. unfortunately, for developing countries, there is a dearth of well trained teachers. if both girls and boys are taught together in the same class, at the same time then this issue can also be resolved. In coeducation, boys and girls get the opportunity to intermingle and to understand each other. by studying together, they will develop mutual respect and understanding. Professor simon said â€Å" the only reason to support coeducation is that without it, boys and girls will not be knowing about each other for many years†. In a coeducational instite, boys and girls interact with each other freely. they become broadminded and overcome their shyness. There is no hard and fast rule that if girls will always intereact with girls and boys with boys when they grow up . therefore coeducation will boost their confidence level, which will be beneficial in their future life. such individuals will be more comfortable interacting with opposite sex be it at professional or personal level. Coeducation will provide both sexes an opportunity to learn to cooperate with each other. they will be working together in assignments and projects which will help them to understand the way opposite sex works. this will help them in their respective role taking when they enter practical lives. this cooperation will create a feeling a comradeship in both the sexes. Proponents of coeducation argue that such an educational system will be useful for their personality development. in a coeducation,boys will be free to intereact with girls. Doing so, will help them to understand opposite sexing a better way and allow them to develop a healthy personality.. they will,then not indulge in eve teasing. the students of today will be the citizens of tomorrow. it is the demand of today,to allow individuals to grow in a free atmosphere. In addition, coeducation will allow both the sexes to treat each other on equal terms. girls will become more confident and responsive and the boys will develop more tolerance. the relationship between them will be based on equality,respect and humanity. this will help them to overcome the centuries old system of male dominance. Researchers argue that coeducation has proved to be a better educational system as in such colleges,the results of exams are far better than in sex segregated schools. in coeducation, boys and girls compete with each other and try to remain ahead of the other one. this results in better academic results. A research conducted concluded that presence of girls in class prevents boys from indulging in unruly behavior. You read "Coeducation in Pakistan" in category "Papers" it also helps in fostering stronger bondage between teachers and students. generally, in coeducational classes, the number of violent outbursts are fewer. Presence of more than 55% girls in class room has shown better exam results. Particularly, at primary level,coeducation has shown exceptional results. Boys and girls in presence of each other become more conscious of their habits, style and appearance. they abstain from exhibiting immoral behaviour. they try their best to please the opposite sex by showing best behaviour. these habits become a part of the personality. Women of today are entering every profession in large number. they are heading big organizations. They face similar challenges as boys while finding jobs or in professional life. therefore,it is imperative that they should be given education on similar grounds as boys. Although,it is a fact that both boys and girls have different ways of learning,but still it is observed that their joint education has a positive influence overall. Infact, the supporters of coeducation speak of its benefits as if it’s the only road to heaven. Every coin has two sides. An impartial eye should focus on both the silvery sides rather than adopting a biased attitude. The opponents of coeducation believe that in coeducation, boys and girls are exposed to each other. the temptation of flirting appears more attractive than the urge to open books. It also destroys the relationship between teacher and student as temptation cannot differentiate between teacher or student. People against coeducation state that it is not the panacea to the problems of developing countries,in reality it will sprout more problems. Anyone who has attended even a few schools and colleges in Pakistan knows the fact that they are frightfully overcrowded. even girls only institutes present a similar picture. therefore, new institutions are needed and if a few are reserved for girls and boys separately,it will not be an additional burden on the economy. Perhaps, the greatest harm that coeducation can cause is to lead to moral depravity. in coeducation, boys are girls are free to interact with each other. curiousity plays its role well in this regard. the immoral standards promoted by media fill up the gap created from the germs of curiousity implanted by satan. this coupled with the fact, that the students are deprived of sincere supervision, as the teachers themselves do not present an ideal picture of morality and decency. As a result, they fall victim to sexual impurity. Religious conservatives argue that coeducation will wreak havoc to the Islamic values. As boys and girls will be easily accessible to each other, this will promote development of immoral relations between them. they support their view by stating that during the time of Holy Prophet(P. B. U. H) educational instituitions were mosques where, though coeducation was present,but the chances of going astray were limited. they further emphasise that the present coeducational system are not at conformity with the Islamic approach to coeducational system. Supporters of coeducation believe that this system will promote understanding between both sexes. However, the opponents say that if boys and girls cannot understand each other in family and home then they will not be able to do so in coeducation. why is it that a person thinks he can understand the opposite sex only when he meets his neighbour’s daughter? Further, it is believed that coeducation is a western concept. many people want to adopt coeducation because it is prevalent in west. they think that if west has it then they must have it too. They want to be more western than the west. but,they should bear it in mind that a system should be adopted only if it goes along with cultural,social and religious values of a society. Certainly,our society does not accepts the present coeducational system. Antagonists of coeducation assert that it is an urban concept. boys will grow up to earn while girls will maintain their household. they emphasize that as both sexes will play a different role, there is no logic in teaching them similar curricula in a similar manner. Even teachers of some subjects such as biology hold opinion that it is easier to teach certain chapters more thoroughly in presence of only girls or boys in the class room. They find teaching certain topics embarrassing and difficult in coeducation. Nowadays, sex education is becoming a part of the curricular. this further acts as fuel on fire. Certain educationists believe that students do not remain focused in studies in the presence of opposite sex. they remain more engaged in paying attention to opposite sex, than on lectures. Therefore,it is feared that coeducation will not raise the standard of education,instead will lower it. In coeducation institutions, boys and girls are more consumed by how they appear to the opposite sex. they spent countless hours contemplating what to wear, how to wear and where to wear. This leads to the loss of precious time which should have been dedicated to studies only. The only solution that springs to mind in view of Islamic injunctions and logic of common sense is that there should be sex segregated institutions. however, if a developing country like Pakistan is not able to do so in current situation then it is the responsibility of government to take measures to ensure that coeducation does not attacks the moral values preached by islam. Firstly, the curricula chosen should be such that does not risks morality. Secondly,government should be careful in choosing faculty. the teachers recruited should be an embodiment of decency and morality. meanwhile, the religiou conservatives should adopt an attitude of tolerance. Nonetheless,it is also important that some girl doctors should be educated in coeducation otherwise,our mothers and sisters will have compelled to expose their private parts before male doctors under ailment. but still,it is the responsibility of the government to ensure sex segregated educational instituitions whenever,it can bear the expenses. How to cite Coeducation in Pakistan, Papers

Aristotle And Politics Essay Example For Students

Aristotle And Politics Essay annonAristotle (b. 384 d. 322 BC), was a Greek philosopher, logician,and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generallyregarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in a numberof philosophical fields, including political theory. Aristotle wasborn in Stagira in northern Greece, and his father was a courtphysician to the king of Macedon. As a young man he studied inPlatos Academy in Athens. After Platos death he left Athens toconduct philosophical and biological research in Asia Minor andLesbos, and he was then invited by King Philip II of Macedon to tutorhis young son, Alexander the Great. Soon after Alexander succeededhis father, consolidated the conquest of the Greek city-states, andlaunched the invasion of the Persian Empire. It was in thisenvironment that Aristotles views and ideas of politics developed. As Alexanders teacher, Aristotle had a close tie to the politicalpowers of Athens. Because of this tie Aristotle wrote Politics as aguide to rulers as to how to govern a country. In Politics Aristotlelays out his ideal form of Government. It contains thought provokingdiscussions on the role of human nature in politics, the relation ofthe individual to the state, the place of morality in politics, thetheory of political justice, the rule of law, the analysis andevaluation of constitutions, the relevance of ideals to practicalpolitics, the causes and cures of political change and revolution,and the importance of a morally educated citizenry. He stressed thatthe ideal citizen and ruler must possess certain virtues, such aswisdom, temperance and courage. And the work as a whole echoesAristotles dominant theme of moderation. Politics is an excellenthistorical source because of the close tie Aristotle had to theeveryday business of government in Athens. It reflects the idealizedvalues of t he people and the influence of Aristotles teacher Plato. The importance of wisdom and justice also directly parallel theclassical Greek ideology. Aristotle believed that nature formedpolitics and the need for city-states (government) formed out ofnature. Aristotle lays the foundations for his political theory inPolitics by arguing that the city-state and political rule arenatural. The argument begins with a historical account of thedevelopment of the city-state out of simpler communities. First,individual human beings combined in pairs because they could notexist apart. The male and female joined in order to reproduce, andthe master and slave came together for self-preservation. The masteruses his intellect to rule, and the natural slave uses his body tolabor. Second, the household arose naturally from these primitivecommunities in order to serve everyday needs. Third, when severalhouseholds combined for other needs a village emerged also accordingto nature. Finally, the complete community, formed from severalvillages, is a city-state, whi ch can attain the limit ofself-sufficiency. It comes to be for the sake of life, and exists forthe sake of the good life. (I.2.1252b27-30). Aristotle backs upfour claims about the city-state: First, the city-state exists bynature, because it comes to be out of the more primitive naturalassociations and it serves as their end, because only it attainsself-sufficiency (1252b30-1253a1). Second, human beings are by naturepolitical animals, because nature, which does nothing in vain, hasequipped them with speech, which enables them to communicate moralconcepts such as justice, which are formative of the household andcity-state (1253a1-18). Third, the city-state is naturally prior tothe individuals, because individuals cannot perform their naturalfunctions apart from the city-state, since they are notself-sufficient (1253a18-29). However, these three claims areimmediately followed by a fourth: the city-state is a creation ofhuman intelligence. Therefore, everyone naturally has the impulsef or such a community, but the person who firstestablished is the cause of very great benefits. This greatbenefit may be the laws of the city-state. Aristotle points out thatthe legal system alone saves them from their own savagery. .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a , .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .postImageUrl , .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a , .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a:hover , .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a:visited , .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a:active { border:0!important; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a:active , .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud35e4cedf9334f5da6acbbeda0e1276a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Culture Shock EssayIts interesting to see that Aristotles view of nature transcends inhis view of the human character and what the humans should be. InAristotles Ethics he points out the popular view of what happinesswas (and maybe still is). Honor, pleasure and wealth are the thingshe believed the Greek people wanted to be happy. He stated that honoris a superficial aim because at any moment it can be taken away fromus. Pleasure is enjoyable but is more an animal quality than human,and wealth is merely a means towards a greater good. Aristotle taughtmoderation; the pursuit of the above three vices is okay, but dontmake it an all encompassing goal. In contrast to the three things hewarned against spending your life on, there were about four thingsthat he felt should be heartily sought after. Aristotle felt thateveryone should possess these qualities,and they were crucial for agood ruler. Wisdom, courage, temperance and justice were the fourvirtues that Aristotle held so high. He felt that only through thesefour qualities could lead a person, or a country to true happiness. Aristotles virtues parallel the thinking of other classical Greeks. One of the obvious reasons for this is that the teacher-student bondtied many philosophers. The great Socrates taught Plato, and ofcourse Plato was Aristotles teacher. Although, the influence of theteacher is very strong, the students also have show that they canthink independently and their works have a distinctly different tasteto them. Plato said the just person is wise, temperate and courageousand the just state is ruled by wisdom. Platos just state displayedcourage over force and temperance over intemperance. Socrates, another of the famous classical Greeks, died for his viewsof wisdom and justice. Socrates used logic to tell himself and hiscolleagues that he must die for the sake of avoiding hypocrisy. Socrates whole life he preached that the states laws must be heldsupreme for justice to prevail. The state sentenced him to death,and to avoid death would be to contradict the states laws. In theprocess he would be contradicting what he had lived for. Many peoplelikened Socrates to a gadfly, always buzzing in the states face tomake sure they were doing the just thing. Aristotle also knew theimportance of justice but he approached it slightly differently. Justice, Aristotles third moral virtue, consisted of two mainaspects. The first was that the laws made citizens just; the statehad to strive to make the people act morally and good (1129a 13-24). Aristotles second aspect of justice was that people should beawarded justly, or in proportion to what they have done oraccomplished. The higher the merit the higher the honor or thehigher the crime the worse the punishment (1130b 30-32). In Politics Aristotle lays down his ideal structure of the family. His structure greatly reflected the values of the people in thepater-dominated tradition. The belief of the time was that thefather was basically the king of his house; Aristotle didnt varymuch from this. The father had supreme authority and had controlover his wife. He does concede that there is reciprocity betweenthe two but he feels that there is a permanent basic inequality. The wife should remain the ruled one and show her courage (a moralvirtue) through her obedience and her glory through silence (1260a24,30). The father also rules over his children with supremeauthority. Only through his death is his authority removed. Aristotle also included the slave as part of the family, but hedifferentiates from the practices of the time as what he considers tobe an acceptable slave. The status quo was the removal of strongbodies from conquered nations for the purpose of manual labor. Hefelt that slavery through conquest was unacceptable. Slavery hebelieved to be acceptable were those that needed the slave/masterrelationship to survive. Those that were too unintelligent to governthemselves needed this bond to get through life. In exchange fortheir daily care, the natural slaves are to do light householdduties such as cooking (1255b 26-27). It is interesting to notethat in his will Aristotle called for the emancipation of some of hisown acquired slaves. An example of the slave/master relationshipthat Aristotle discussed can be seen in todays world. Sometimes anelderly or sick person requires constant care. They need to haveeverything done for them and therefore cant govern themselves. .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee , .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .postImageUrl , .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee , .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee:hover , .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee:visited , .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee:active { border:0!important; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee:active , .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74a5adc2c66a2f94530b9d313bd8e5ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cheetah endangered species EssayAnother person is required to make the persons important decisionsand is responsible for their care. In this example the distinctioncan be seen between Aristotles idea of a slave and Greekstraditional view, which was similar to the United States in the1800s. Aristotle was a brilliant person who taught moderation in governmentand in life. He stressed the importance of moral virtues as the keyto happiness and a successful government. Aristotle thought that theneed for government and authority developed on its own from nature. He taught in the Lyceum, a school he founded in Athens, how a justperson should live and how a just state should rule. His messages ofvirtue and moderation transcend time and still are a great influenceon modern western thought. SourcesThe Greco-Roman Legacy: AristotlePolitics by AristotleThe Republic by PlatoEthics by AristotleThe Greco-Roman legacy: Plato

Integration of Heterogeneous Database free essay sample

Resource integration of heterogeneous database interoperability federated database 1. Introduction Heterogeneous database interoperability issues as a database research in the field hot and difficult issues at home and abroad, academic and industrial sectors have attracted wide attention. Since the 20th century, since the 80s, many foreign companies and research institutes to the integration of heterogeneous databases to conduct a large number of studies and achieved a lot of results, but the domestic research on the integration of heterogeneous databases is still in its early stage. The concept of heterogeneous database interoperability   Heterogeneous Databases (Heterogeneous Database) database technology integration is a completely centralized logical focus, physical distribution (traditional distributed database) as well as the logical distribution, physical distribution (heterogeneous database) the results of this development process, but also take into account existing systems self Sexual and achieve the reality of the new data-sharing needs of effective means. Heterogeneous database heterogeneous features include two levels: system level and language level, heterogeneous, mainly reflected in the following areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Integration of Heterogeneous Database or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Computer architecture, heterogeneous: respectively, each participating database can run on mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, PC or embedded system. * Heterogeneous operating systems: each database system is based on the operating system can be Unix, Windows NT, Linux and so on. of heterogeneous database management systems: a conceptual model of heterogeneous database. There are levels, network, relational and object-oriented 4; the other is the physical model of heterogeneous database: the conceptual model refers to the same but the data structure is different, such as the relationship between Oracle and SQL Server the same type, but the structure is different. The realization of interoperability of heterogeneous database consists of three functional elements: 1. o provide users with powerful and flexible operation of interoperable visual interface through which users can intuitively transparent access to multiple heterogeneous databases; 2. to provide high-level language database access call-level interface, as call-level interface, designers can achieve the level depending on the specific situation may be clear; 3. to support environmental and open, if possible, should also support the implementation language open. Heterogeneous database system aimed at achieving data between different databases of information resources, hardware and human resources of the combined and shared. Heterogeneous database systems integration is to a different database systems, operating systems, different operating platforms of different or the blocking of different underlying network, enabling users to heterogeneous database system can be regarded as an ordinary database system, with their own familiar data-processing language to access the database, as access to a database system, like its transparent operation. . to achieve heterogeneous database interoperability approach The face of heterogeneous database interoperability requirements, mainly from the two simultaneous efforts: First, establish standards, that is to establish a unified database of norms, standards eliminate the imperfect system resulting from the differences between various databases; second is to build interoperability of heterogeneous database platforms, achieve transparent access to multiple heterogeneous databases. With a database interoperability issues in-depth study, based on different perspectives, many researchers have put forward a viable heterogeneous database interoperability channel, these channels to achieve interoperability of the depth, breadth and height vary both in their respective to adapt to the specific environment and needs. The core idea of the database from heterogeneous starting to realize interoperable way to be summarized in two categories. 3. 1 system-level heterogeneous interoperability DBMS system for heterogeneous network environment database interoperability, the main there are four means of realization. * Database Gateway (Database Gateway) Database Gateway is a repeater; it can provide application-level integration of heterogeneous database tools. Gateways primary role is to convert and communications. Database Gateway can establish more stable and transparent database interoperability, but its shortcomings are obvious. Such as do not care about how to shield the heterogeneity between databases and does not upport transaction processing, resource redundancy, the user is limited in the database vendor cannot arbitrarily select the client platform and target database and so on. Database Gateway compared to more public agreements, scalability and openness, can better realize the transparency of heterogeneous database access, support for multiple network protocols and multiple client platforms, heterogeneous database interoperability to achieve an effective way to one. Public License / data transfer protocol drawback is that the agreement itself inefficiencies brought about by speed. * Public Programming Interface Common Programming Interface, including customer application programming interface (CAPI) and server application programming interface (SAPI). CAPI is a set of process libraries, usually resides on the client, through the back-end load specific drivers to access different databases. SAPI provides an application programming interface to control the server and client application requests and the interaction between the target database. Such as Microsoft, ODBC, Oracles SQL * NET, as well as IDAPI. Its advantages are: By providing a unified call-level interface, allowing users to remove the application database with the changes of the pain; through the API allows applications to manipulate data in the database directly. Database access APIs weaknesses are: a database for each one needs to have one with their corresponding drivers; due to different drivers supported by the data types and operations on the data are not the same as its fully transparent access to heterogeneous database capacity is limited; to achieve efficiency in over-reliance on the driver and the driver of the standard grammar into the corresponding database command syntax to spend a lot of time. Middleware is in the application and the application is located between the way the inner workings of the system software, and its basic idea is that in all the back-end data sources and front-end application to establish a layer of abstraction between. The application and system software at a lower level details of the attachment and complexity of segregation, so that application developers to deal only with certain types of a single API, and other details can be handled by the middleware. This allows the system to the operation of each of the different data sources into a single operation of the middleware, while the later pairs of middleware for heterogeneous processing. The use of heterogeneous database integration middleware technology to solve the problem, this will bring a lot of system integration benefits. This is because the middleware can not only make front-end user access to heterogeneous back-end databases to achieve transparency and to ensure the openness of the access interface, so you can make the system function in the future expansion easier. To access the database through the middleware Another advantage is that all client requests are sent to the middleware, reduce the burden on the database server to ensure that the database servers performance does not decrease. Meanwhile, the adoption of middleware greatly enhance the maintainability of the system, a logic within the system changes, as long as the change in the corresponding middle-tier processing, front user interface does not require any changes, so will be greatly reduced the system maintenance costs. 3. heterogeneous data structure and semantic-level interoperability. At present, the data structure and semantics for a heterogeneous database interoperability research are closely coupled and loosely coupled two kinds of thinking, specifically embodied in the multi-database systems, federated database systems and distributed database systems are three ways. 1. Multi-database system The so-called multi-database system is a way to accept and accommodate multiple heterogeneous database systems, allowing the various heterogeneous database of autonomy. Multi-database system is a broad concept, as opposed to, such as a centralized database systems or distributed database system that logically have the same management system for the purposes of its diversity and distribution in order for the main features. Multiple refers to the difference between its number of centralized or distributed database system; distribution refers to the data in different venues of database systems, by the respective management systems to manage. Multi-database technology, the goal is to achieve the interoperability between multiple databases, to address the resource-sharing database, to find a technical way. Commonly used distributed, heterogeneous, autonomous features as a measure to characterize the three multi-database system. Using this method, users need to explicitly specify the database to be accessed. Multi-database system uses a bottom-up methods. 2. Distributed Database (Distributed Database) The basic idea of distributed database is to abandon the original database system in a networked environment to establish the distribution of the database system, architecture, transaction processing models, and other aspects of re-engineering in order to address information sharing and interoperability issues. Distributed database system is divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous distributed database distributed database. Such as Oracle, Sybase, Informix and so on are all homogeneous distributed database system, the realization of such systems is relatively easier. Heterogeneous distributed database management systems are mostly some of the existing database management system based on the realized. 3. Federal Database (Federated Database) Federated database system is a distributed database network technology and the inevitable result of technological development, it is by a group to coordinate the work, but also the independent and autonomous component databases. It can be the original non-distributed, they can be distributed, with a distributed, autonomous, heterogeneous three characteristics. Federated database and distributed database systems are distinguished: a distributed database system while physically dispersed, but because there is a unified data model and the global data model, so it is logically centralized, so users feel is a complete database. Obviously, such systems can be used for a specific area of the system, but not suitable for different areas of integration between heterogeneous systems. On the contrary, the Federal-style database system is composed of loosely coupled at different nodes of the heterogeneous distribution of members of the database structure, among the members of the Federation as a loose combination. Constitute the members of the Federation can be a centralized database, it can be a distributed database, they can be required (by some combination of) joined the Federation, or as needed secede. Federated databases are not global schema, each subsystem (ie, the federal member) according to their own needs to develop their own data model. Data-sharing among its members, relations, through a consultation to determine the input / output mode to create a single member of the right to refuse or to allow other members of the nodes that access to it. Therefore, it can support multi-database systems are distributed, heterogeneous and autonomous, thus producing satisfactory integration. Interoperability of heterogeneous database technology makes database in the original technology to play an important role, in the future new areas of application also has important implications, such as the Earth Observing System EOSDIS, e-commerce, healthcare information systems, digital publishing, collaborative design, etc.

Week 3 Questions Essays - Business Economics, Management Accounting

Week 3 Questions Essays - Business Economics, Management Accounting Week 3 Questions Christina McBee ACC 400 December 18, 2017 Arlene Murphy Week 3 Questions 20.1 a. The level of sales at which revenue exactly equals costs and expenses Break Even Point b. Costs that remain unchanged despite changes in sales volume Fixed Costs c. The span over which output is likely to vary and assumptions about cost behavior generally remain valid Relevant Range d. Sales revenue less variable costs and expenses Contribution Margin e. Unit sales price minus variable cost per unit Unit Contribution Margin f. The reduction in unit cost achieved from a higher level of output Economies of Scale g. Costs that respond to changes in sales volume by less than a proportionate amount. Semi-variable Costs h. Operating income less variable costs None 20.7a. Contribution margin ratio. (30-6)/30 =.8 is a 20% contribution margin b. Sales volume required to break even. 360000/20%= $ 1,800,000 need to be sold to break even c. Sales volume required to earn an annual operating income of $440,000. 360,000+440,000=800,000/20%= $4,000,000 needs to be sold to earn an operating income of $440,000 d. The margin of safety if annual sales total 60,000 units. 1,800,000/20%= 9,000,000 Sales for 60,000= 1,800,000 Margin of safety is 1,800,000-= 1,800,000 e. Operating income if annual sales total 60,000 units. 1,800,000x20%= $360,000 21.2 Home Depot closing its doors in the China Market caused a $10 million opportunity costs. With the closing of the store, merchandise had to be marked down and the $10 million is the amount of the markdowns, which would have actually been sold if the store had remained open. The sunk costs and the incremental costs would be the remaining $135 million, which would be from things that can not be avoided. 21.6 Fixed Costs 60,000 60,000 Variable Costs 75,000 0 $6 (Per Unit) 90,000 Total 135,000 150,000 The company should continue to produce the product, as they save $15,000 in costs if they do not outsource the product. 22.9 There are 3 characteristics that should be apparent at an accounting level for a company. The first is a budget. There must be a budget in place for every aspect of the business, from the toilet paper for employees, to the amount of labor spent. The second characteristic is timely performance reports. Every company should have some sort of system in place to gather reports on the successes and failures of the business. These reports can include but are not limited to cash flow statements, profit and loss statements, and balance sheets. The third characteristic is the measuring of performance. Each business, or store in this case, should be held accountable for certain performance measures. The responsibility accounting system at Cold Moo could be improved by implementing more of a accountability ratio for each store, as they are not incurring all of the costs that the corporate office is incurring, as far as distribution costs and such. By holding those stores more accountable, th e corporate office should see improvements in the bottom line. 22.1 A. Entire Company Solid Division % of Solid Division Sales Powdered Division % of Powdered Division Sales Sales $1,720,000 $850,000 100% $870,000 100% Contribution Margin $861,000 $382,500 45% $478,500 55% Product Line Fixed Costs $425,000 $175,000 20% $250,000 28% Common Fixed Costs $250,000 $125,000 15% $125,000 14% The responsibility margin for the solid division is at 80% (45+15+20) whereas the responsibility margin for the powdered division is at 97% (55+28+14). B. In looking at both divisions, it would seem that the more profitable of the two would be the solid division. After costs, the solid division leaves a 20% profit, with the powdered division only leaving a 3% profit. C. Entire Company Solid Division % of Solid Division Sales Powdered Division % of Powdered Division Sales Sales $1,820,000 $900,000 100% $920,000 100% Contribution Margin $911,000 $405,000 45% $506,000 55% Fixed Costs Product Lines $425,000 $175,000 20% $250,000 27% Fixed Costs Common $250,000 $125,000 14% $125,000 14% Advertising $15,000 $15,000 2% $15,000 2% After factoring in an advertising cost, the solid line will have a responsibility margin of 81% and the powdered will have a responsibility margin of 98%. Adding the advertising costs to each division only raised the margin by 1% on either side. I would suggest that the company advertise the solid line as the cost margin

Islam and West African Indigenous Religion Essay

Islam and West African Indigenous Religion - Essay Example Whether the local populations engaged in animism, polytheism, or other cultural heritage-derived beliefs, once Africa was directly invaded by the Turks and subsequently opened up by European traders, the Islamic religion became prevalent. The scope of this paper is to focus on the advent of the Islamic faith within the region and explain some of the factors that contributed to it. These factors can be generalized within three broad areas; geographical, historical, and behavioral. Through the combination of these causes, Islam became prolific and replaced much of the ancient indigenous practices. Africa is a diverse continent where the geography includes almost every possible landmass variation. From desert, tropical forests, mountains, and the plains of the savannah, the influence of the geography itself impacted how and when Islam spread. As Parrinder points out in his article, the expansion of non-native populations tended to take a vertical shape, almost assuredly due to the use o f the coastlines as entry points for foreign traders, but the land itself is stratified horizontally between the major geographical components. "These two ways of viewing the country help to explain the progress of Islam; for it came into the interior plateaus first and long remained almost stationary there, cut off from the coastal regions by the impenetrable forest" (Parrinder 131). It wasn't until the European traders established a transportation infrastructure of roads and railways that Islam began to make inroads from the interior of the country into the coastal regions. Once that was accomplished, however, Islam was able to spread from the central portions of the continent to the outer edges, including West Africa. This specifically points to the first of three historical aspects of the spread of Islam. Historical Factors While it might be inferred that Islam was initially carried into Africa by the Turkish invaders who used the Mediterranean Sea as a conduit for expansion, the fact is that the spread of Islam owes its initial developments to commerce. As Trimingham notes, "Islam was first introduced into West Africa by traders. Their activities in purveying Islam along with their goods have continued ever since" (28). It is intuitive that religion spreads with commerce. As native people interact with merchants, there is a blending of ideas and philosophies that naturally takes place. Given the aggressive proselytization practices of Islam, there is no great mystery as to why the native Africans would convert. Their assimilation into Islamic beliefs was also fostered by the historical imperialism of the religion. By its very structure, Islam is a faith that blends political and economic activities with religious practice. Once the belief system becomes sufficiently popular, it begins to enforce its tenets through more than simple missionary means. The statement that "Islam in power is secularized theocracy and this always leads to forms of religious imperialism" (Trimingham 28) is as true today as it was in the eleventh century. Once entrenched in tribal governance, the more aggressive forms of an imperialistic recruitment would emerge. These practices included everything from forced conversions to the refusal to allow commerce between individuals of the faith and apostates. In many parts of Africa, conversion to Islam was not a voluntary activity, but a political and economic necessity. The next historical fact, that of western development, would simply provide the means for expansion of the imperialistic

Evaluation of company user instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluation of company user instructions - Essay Example When the company launched a new set of tooth brushes that came with a unique type of handle shape and size of the brush head, the management sought to change the type of instructions written on the package including the design of the packets that hold the tooth brushes. Particularly there was inaccuracy in the instructions and low quality of pictures that portrayed the explanation on the use safe of the product. The purpose of this memo is to analyze the audience of the company instructions, evaluate the company instructions found at the company website, and then make necessary recommendations on how to improve the usability of the instructions. shes.When the company launched a new set of tooth brushes that came with a unique type of handle shape and size of the brush head, the management sought to change the type of instructions written on the package including the design of the packets that hold the tooth brushes. Particularly there was inaccuracy in the instructions and low qualit y of pictures that portrayed the explanation on the use safe of the product. The only channel that manufacturers use to direct their consumers on how to use their products is through giving instructions, it must be clear to the point. An instruction must be free from ambiguity and duplicity in order to carry out the task well. Furthermore, users rely on well written instructions whenever they do not understand something other than seeking the manufacturer physically or through other means of communication which might prove to be expensive. The instructions were characterized with omission of key actions and false statements that could have misled our intended users. For instance, in reference on how to lean the front when using the tooth brush, the degree must have been mistakenly written as 54 degrees instead of 45 degrees; as the former is unreasonably too high in the circumstances. There was also an error on how to move the brush in one step when it was instructed as left and right instead of up and down. Since the memo will be read by a very busy manager, the contents are direct to the point and do not need deep explanation. The research manager already has some background on what the company manufactures and to redesign the company’s instruction. Evaluation and Recommendations Considering that there could be first time consumers of our product, it would have amounted to a gross loss and a complete show of unreliable instructions. This could even amount to a negative market externality which would consequent ly affect the volume of products sold. Misleading product instructions, although in our case has lesser health impacts, can be treated as a hazard to the health of consumers or even the environment. For instance, if disposal methods are misleading yet the product is harmful to the environment if not disposed of properly. Another instruction that was written poorly or rather displayed incorrectly was the picture of the position of the

The Impacts Of The Great Exhibition History Essay

The Impacts Of The Great Exhibition History Essay The Great Exhibition of 1851 in The Crystal Palace at Hyde Park was arguably the pinnacle of showing off Victorian Britain (in all its might, power, status, splendour and beauty) all in the luxury and elegance as befitted the worlds greatest empire and power at the height of the British Empire. It was a marvellous opportunity and event to showcase (in nationalistic patriotistic pride) great science and technological advances of Britain to (and for the first time) to both international and domestic countries. The exhibition was meant to showcase and highlight and illuminate how young, exciting and inspirational Victorian Britain was and how it was full of great ideas and innovations- some of which were worldwide firsts and to be treasured and valued highly. The honour and glory of Victorian Britain was on full public display and every class was somehow affected and involved. This essay will examine, describe and critically evaluate and explain the legacy of the Great Exhibition of 185 1 which specific and special attention to science and technological impacts. The elite landed and titled upper and middle classes tended overwhelmingly to dominate and form the majority in high society events and exhibits such as the great science and technology on display at the Great Exhibition of 1851 and was no exception to this rule. Specifically this essay will discuss the collection that was made and redisplayed when the original exhibition closed; other exhibitions that followed in other cities; the development of the various museums around South Kensington in London; also the development of various educational institutions and museums around South Kensington (including the Science Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum), partly because of the money made (the exhibition was a great success) and the fact that they had to do something with the exhibits which exhibitors didnt want to take back, and also the string of international exhibitions following the 1851 one (e.g., i n Paris etc) where e.g., electricity etc were displayed excitingly. The legacy of the Great Exhibition has been too narrowly researched and studied and to get a sense of the legacy of the Great Exhibition we have to cast the net wide  [1]  . Even though the Exhibition was popular and successful apathy and disinterest did increase at such a highly organised culture  [2]  Prince Alberts dreams, wishes, hopes and desires and aims were not fully met. Specifically and especially and particularly on the legacy for science museums to science grew in number and spread and  [3]  The legacy of the Crystal Palace suggests once again that Victorian science was not really a value-free search for natural truths- instead it was an enterprise that engaged God and capitalism, entertainment and commerce, the moral and the useful, science and show The effects on technology were instrumental too; The Great Exhibition broke down barriers and obstacles of secrecy and privacy that had for ages stopped the growth of the transitional spread of technical informati on across businesses and organisations. They were also a value-free place for new technologies to be showcased, tested live and promoted and judged and brought and publicised.  [4]  Punch tried so hard to degrade and poke fun and discredit and devalue the Great Exhibition of 1851 due to its racism, oppression and domination and the rampant big gap between the richer and poorer but Nevertheless, it cannot forget that popular opinion finds the Exhibition exciting and amazing and Punch, in the end, cannot escape the popular nationalist rhetoric of dominant Great Exhibition commentaries  [5]  . The Exhibition also had darker meanings it was already at work in half-hidden ways rewriting and transforming that culture  [6]  and internal displacement and dispossession  [7]  and .Hidden darker meanings and purposes behind the bright, light, facades (as a distraction and rouse).  [8]  Overall, the great ideals of Prince Albert were ultimately finally successful in time and space Prince Alberts dream of an international centre celebrating the arts and sciences has been achieved, through the determination and dedication of those who served the Commission over the intervening century and a half, either as members or officers. They have created the world-class museums of art and science which he wanted to see, founded in the wake of the successful international exhibition, and colleges in both cultures now train students from all over the world. Albertopolis celebrates its founders ideals and ambitions for his adopted country, but also exemplifies the truly international quality of the man himself and the institutions he created.  [9]  Prince Alberts dreams, wishes, hopes and desires and ambitions may have been lofty and some thought unattainable were in time gradually became realistic and attainable and achievable as the Prince was not naive and too ambitious he was actually as well also pragmatic methodical and sensible who kept in touch with real world practical applications as well as making grand bold claims. Changing perceptions and realities were instrumental to the legacy of the Great Exhibition of 1851. The socio-economic climate changed so much in the Victorian Period that fashions came and went. Eventually, around the turn of the century, the Crystal Palace euphoria began to wane. This was partly to do with changing notions of recreation, which no longer revolved around education, and partly the result of a wider education in support for Victorian values like free trade and cosmopolitanism which the Exhibition had propounded, and which had given the building symbolic value  [10]  The science and technology legacy of the Great Exhibition was a great forerunner and forethought and started the increasing modernisation and industrialisation of modern contemporary Britain  [11]  The main significance of the Great Exhibition was that it helped to harness the forces of industrialisation and, by making them acceptable, promote them in Britain and the world. There were many different groups involved in the event, and the aims of the Exhibition were various and often contradictory. In total, however, they represented a push for modernisation that helped overcome obstacles which still existed mid-century. This process continues down to the present. This type of rhetoric created for the first time in support of the Exhibition is still used to support technological progress, industrialisation, and globalisation today. The Great Exhibition was a dramatic contribution to the creation of the modern industrialised society in which we live.  [12]   Linked and mixed within the legacy of the Great Exhibition is not just science and technology but also inevitably and inexorably linked is the religious perception and reality. Most of the strong religious opposition to the exhibition dated from the late 1850 and the early months of 1851 but had largely disappeared by the time of the grand opening. Even some of the periodicals that had earlier criticized the exhibition changed their opinion after the official opening and participated in the widespread euphoria and optimism that the exhibition engendered.  [13]  Most religious factions gave in and joined in the celebrations of the 1851 Great Exhibition. this crucial disparity allowed many religious contemporaries to hail the Exhibition as a religious event, while others, including most historians, view it as a thoroughly secular celebration of technology, industry, and commerce  [14]  Odd mixture of a religious or entirely politically non religious event. that energetically so ught to evangelize among the visitors- demonstrated that they came to view the Exhibition as a crucially important event and one that required a decisive religious response.  [15]  Religion needed to be strongly represented and heard at the great exhibition of 1851. Thus while the organizers portrayed the Exhibition as a vehicle to disseminate peace and international brotherhood, many evangelicals perceived it as a prime opportunity to trumpet the pre-eminence of Protestantism and of England.  [16]  Indeed, for many of these writers the Exhibition served as an imperfect but humanly graspable model of the New Jerusalem. Most Christians, far from rejecting the Great Exhibition, welcomed it Could be seen as a great example of best practice for the whole world.  [17]  Thus while Catholics saw the Exhibition .oppression, the Anglo-Jewish elite perceived the successes of Jews in the Exhibition as legitimating the equality of the Jews at the height of the arguments over emancip ation. Secularists appeared to have been divided over the value of the Exhibition, with Owen in particular using it to propagate his messiac vision, while more radical Socialists saw only its social dangersBut for all three groups the Exhibition raised the issue of identity, as they struggled to position themselves in the religious landscapes of the mid-century.  [18]  Catholics saw it as exclusionary and exclusive; Jews saw it as a great opportunity to gain respect and admiration. Secularists had mixed views. Owen used it as a platform for his own views, opinions and ideals while other more radical people saw it only as subversive and dangerousmost of all it was a search for a concrete purpose for existence at all for religious groups. Like a number of other pacifists, Burritt considered that the Exhibition marked the start of a new era in world history, when the aura of peace and international cooperation would displace the old world of warring nations. While human willpower h ad an important role to play in ushering this new age, Burritts vision was deeply religious. The gathering of the nations in London was part of a divinely ordained plan and the fulfillment of prophecy. A new age was just beginning  [19]  Burritt and other such pacifists believed a new world order would come based on the lofty ideals of cooperation, respect, and peace and love rather than vicious factions ready for war forming and creating intense rivalries in naval and army power. Prince Albert not only stressed the importance of advancing industry and commerce through the exhibition, but also set this notion of material progress firmly within a religious frame. He envisaged the Exhibition as a divinely ordained event that would display Gods creation, advance Christianity, and engender both moral improvement and international peace  [20]  Prince Albert in greatly advocating and backing and supporting and patronising the Great Exhibition of 1851 believed it would be instrumen tal to the scientific and technological advancements moving forwards but within a secular way. This study has shown that many different aspects of religion entered the frame and that the Great Exhibition of 1851 cannot simply be portrayed as a secular event but also heralded an important moment in the religious world of early Victorian England. As one contemporary (John Stoughton) stated The Crystal Palace was a Monument of Christianity, From this perspective the significance of the Great Exhibition of 1851 lay in its profound yet multiple religious meanings.  [21]  So, The Great Exhibition of 1851, therefore, in conclusion, was a very important event not just for science and technology but for religion also too and that the varied and mixed responses highlight and illuminate this. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the step to further equality and breaking down of barriers to the lower socio-economic groups who beforehand could only dream and wish of being close to the upper echelons of society were now in direct contact with them at the Great Exhibition of 1851,  [22]  The Crystal Palace was an apt if unconscious symbol of this new state of affairs: the walls were all of glass but the lower orders were now inside, joining in the funà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Bradford had such high quality  [23]  materials that it got prizes and awards. The mass movement of population streaming into London was followed in communities all across the country. It soon became apparent that 1851 would see by far the biggest influx of visitors that the capital had ever been required to endure. And many of its citizens were beginning to view the prospect with trepidation, even outright alarm  [24]  The upper classes and aristocracy feared in a very real and apparent way social revolu tion by the more lively and energetic revolting and dissenting lower classes and feared their dominance and strength and power may diminish and so it was very important to impose order and control.  [25]  There were late objections and difficulties by the exhibitors.  [26]  At least worries about the security and steadiness of the building were reducing  [27]  The Exhibitions were a colourful, varied mixture of real finds of great beauty or complexity or good practical applications but some were just for show in there by luck and chance and good fortune  [28]  . The British science and technology on display was the best most cutting edge of the period but also frivolous tat and educating others about how our natural resourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦fuel our role as a leading manufacturing nation..  [29]  There was the first real attempt to introduce foreign more exotic food and drink in the Great Exhibition of 1851 with regional dishes from all around the world. Although economically a failure Soyers Symposium was the first tentative step towards the cosmopolitainisation and worldwide influence on the English taste buds  [30]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 did not start the process of international cooperation and harmony as lots had feverishly wished for But it did herald changes in British society far more profound than its promoters could ever have imaginedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [31]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 somehow rallied together and strengthened and renewed and revived and refreshed a trust and faith and belief in the goodness of the monarchist system. There was a real reluctance and resistance to leaving for a few.  [32]  The legacy continued for the next three decades at least, as The Crystal Palace held regularly scheduled events and activities such as world record attempts, animal shows and all different kinds of exhibits and fairs such as floral shows and such like so on. Its last grand large scale event was the 1911 Festival o f Empire.  [33]  In 1851 the wonder and excitement at such a new and exciting Exhibition was very real and matchless. There were a succession and series of Great Exhibitions and Worlds Fairs from 1851 to 1939 never matching in a real way the grandeur and splendour or popularity or success of the initial landmark 1851 Great Exhibition. Exhibitions grew in strength and power and number in a way that was both gradual and hesitant but also was going to happen whether or not regardless of circumstance or situation  [34]  Exhibitions were both very expensive to run, but also had amazing potential as a centre for business and earning economic potential. They were intended to distract, indoctrinate, and unify a population  [35]  The Imperial displays at exhibitions filled a role which had been relentlessly demeaned undermined or sentimentalised since the fall of the orthodoxy conservative. European society and culture was very mixed up and muddled and conflicting and differing and confused in its intentions and purposes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The coming together of contradictory values at the exhibitions, w hereby positive notions of progress were buttressed against organised oppression and exploitation, says much about the plural morality in operation throughout European culture at the time. Ultimately, as with a vast number of cultural artefacts, it must be concluded that the exhibitions embodied neither good nor evil in any simple sense but were a complex mixture of bothà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [36]  The Exhibitors rather than breaking down inequality and hatred maybe even strengthened and increased the endemic racism and exploitation and oppression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one of the few levels where European Society operated in the absence of class was in the domain of racial prejudice. Messages phrased in consistent manner to all levels of society affirmed the inferiority of coloured peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with little good coming out of them in social, moral, or intellectual terms.  [37]  Before World War Two nations were able to put aside differences to exhibit together. Rather than culti vating understandings and cooperations as time went by nations refused and objected to exhibit with rival ideologies especially and particularly after WW2.  [38]  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦No international understanding, no growth of human fellowship, no reconciliation of peoples or nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [39]  Art and fashion and architecture and design have gone downhill in quality and inventiveness and originality after WW2.  [40]  There was no massive greater equality for women in the twentieth century with regards to women exhibiting and being exhibited à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In fact this has not been the case, much of the twentieth century being little better than the nineteenth in terms of the presence of women artists in expositions, galleries and museumsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [41]  It was wrong to overstate or over exaggerate The Fine Arts role in exhibitions and worlds fairs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Having said this, without the fine arts, as elite and rarified as they were prone to be, the exhibitions would have lacked one of the conceptual elements which keep them perennially interestingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [42]   The outward image the exhibition gave was very important and was negotiated and compromised and debated over at length and breadth. What should be clear though from the outset is that the exhibition lacked any crude or fixed ideology. Rather, its organisation reflects many different objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [43]  Rather than universally maintained with the British people, they turned to the idea with scepticism and distrust and criticism. Britons did not immediately support the idea, as outcries over the contract and the building should have been made clear. Resolving these disputes was only a stop gap measure for the organisers, at best, an exercise in damage control (had to act as mediators and peacekeepers)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Critical to the success of the exhibition would be the commissions ability to sell the plan to the public in a positive way, to promote and publicise the exhibition to the entire nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [44]  The Great Exhibition was not just an isolated metaphorical event but it had purpose and meaning too and it had to be marketed, branded and promoted for it to be a success but it was not just an ideological tool for increasing nationalism and patriotism as its meanings it projected were mixed and unstable.  [45]  The Great Exhibition recemented and reminded of Britains high and special and grand status of a leading scientific and technological nation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It meant hand-crafted as much as machine-made goods. It mean small-scale as much as large-scale production. And it meant finding a balance of both arts and manufacturers, of commerce and cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [46]  The Great Exhibition showed that even though Britain was deeply split in socio-economic and cultural and political terms it was still united There was in a sense, both integration and segregation..  [47]  There was an altogether more darker and sinister and revealing and illuminating other alternative purpose to the Exhibition that instead of all being about peace and love and harmony and reversing barriers that pre existed to greater integration and cooperation the population at large also saw it as a great competition to promote British greatness and its own meanings for existence by making fun of exotic other countries though humiliation, demonization and oppression and exploitation. Its greatest most lasting legacy was that it was greatly highly valued and treasured and famous internationally and domestically. From its construction in 1854 until its destruction in 1936, the Crystal Palace in Sydenham, far more than the memory of the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park remained an enduring symbol of the nation. It was the icon that foreigners such as Dostoyevsky and Taine and nationals such as Disraeli and Gissing pointed to as the barometer of Britains successes and failures, its character and orientation  [48]  There was no single unified meaning or purpose to the exhibition as the purposes and meanings were flexible and changed through time and space. For some it symbolised progression (and a nation at the height of strength, influence and power); for others it stood for all that was incorrect with Victorian Society (such as the extravagance and inequality and opulent luxuriousness and racism and oppression and exploitation). For some it was the eighth wonder of the world, an Arabian nights palace; for others it was ugly, full of old things. All of these debates, both at the time of the exhibition and since, have really been about the nature, or identity, of Britain. That the exhibition put Britain on display there is little doubt. What is, and always will be, open to question is just which visions and versions of Britain it exhibited.  [49]   The Great Exhibition carefully and methodically projected Britain to the wider world somewhat illogically. What Britain was was open to debate, negotiation and discussion. It was a chance and opportunity to reflect in a fair and accurate way to the world what Britain was like to live and work in and how it was seen to the world was of prime importance. Peoples perception at large of Britain (at the time of the Great Exhibition of 1851) needed to match the realities of living and working in Britain in the Victorian Period. Overall, it was a massive opportunity to market, promote, brand, and sell Britain as a destination to the world (internationally) like never before rather than just to the British residents (domestically and locally). The Great Exhibition therefore needed to be grand, theatrical, over the top, large, and popular and entertaining as well as teaching and learning and informing and educating the wider population. It had a difficult and challenging balancing act to jugg le and master. Greeces inclusion and partaking involvement in The Great Exhibition of 1851 was a extraordinary, amazing, surprising, unusual and odd due to its old fashioned conditions and very little growth expansion and progress rate and circumstances and situations of the Victorian Era and how backwards Greece was.  [50]  Americas involvement won over the hearts and minds of the doubters and deniers of America as a nation and it demanded attention and respect and admiration.  [51]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 was unsurprisingly not the first Great Exhibition and in the 1810s to 1840s the lower socio-economic groups of society in the Institutes of the professions and working class labourers in the metropolitan and provincial areas formed their own fairs and exhibitions  [52]  . In conclusion, the 1851 Great Exhibition can be seen as a great watershed moment. The Victorian love affair and obsession with the public display and pageantry in galleries, museums and exhibitions (both public and private) had always been present but 1851 kick started and accelerated and increased an explosion of new activities and events in the display of science and technology and it was seen as a great success. The Great Exhibition of 1851 touched society in cultural, political, religious and social ways but it would take many more further future generations to see full equality (on gender, racial and class lines) be fully achieved. The Great Exhibition of 1851 especially and particularly was just one tentative hesitant event on the long road to changing society (in the rich tapestry of broader life). To fully erase and eradicate the dominance and subservience in Victorian society and culture (which was so widespread and commonplace) would take radical and far reaching new though ts and feelings and new laws, rules, governance and statutes. The greatest legacy of this one exhibition (upon reflection) is the continuing formalisation and institutionalisation of science and technology and the widening of public education in science and technology and the growing fascination and appreciation and respect and admiration of science and technology more generally. Although the Great Exhibition was a platform on which countries from around the world could display their achievements, Great Britain sought to prove its own dominance and preeminence.